pre-print and pre-industrial forms of political order have no 
such pattern.

     Early in his book (pp. 10­11), Hayes points to the 
excitement about the discovery of the “equal” principle as it 
applied both to groups and individuals: equal rights of 
individuals to determine the state and government to which 
they would belong, equal rights of individual nations to self-
determination.

     In practice, therefore, nationalism does not develop its full 
potential of uniform lateral extension until after the application 
of print technology to the methods of work and production. 
Hayes can see the logic of this, but is puzzled to see how 
nationalism ever could have started in agrarian societies. He is 
entirely without perception of the role of print technology in